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general reports. National reports follow these headings, coming from Albania, Armenia, Cyprus, Denmark (two reports), Georgia, Greece, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey and Ukraine. The authors of the national reports based their contributionson a questionnaire on “New Challenges to Democracy” divided in three sections. The questionnaire is included in this EPLS volume.A Case Study uses the national reports as a basis on which the new challenges to democracy can be discussed in a practical and realistic manner and presents brie y the overall impression, a more detailed analysis having already been provided by the individual reports. The Conclusions maintain that democratic government cannot deliver freedom and fairness onits own. The judges are the guardians ofthree essential standards: reason, fairness and the presumption of liberty and their authority depends only on the quality of their reasoning. They must exercise restraintin human rights issues but they also mustbe robust in ascertaining and de ning the constitutional authority of the European Union. Last but not least, in this EPLS volume, the speeches presented on the occasion of the Laudationes to Prof. Gérard Timsit (speeches presented by J.-P. Costa, S. Ktistaki, Sir John Laws, A. Masucci, E. Spiliotopoulos and Acknowledgments by Prof. G. Timsit), to Prof. J.M. Sérvulo Correia (speeches presented by D. Duarte, G. Anthony, J.-B. Auby and Acknowledgments by Prof. J.M. Sérvulo Correia) and to Prof. E. Schmidt-Assmann (speeches presented by H.-H. Trute, A. Pantelis and E. Prevedourou), are included.EUROPEAN PUBLIC LAW SERIES (EPLS)www.eplopublications.euReaders can find information about EPLO Publications& instantlybuy them onlineACTIVITY REPORT 2016 147